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Remembering Trailblazer Sacheen Littlefeather and Celebrating Strides in Indigenous Representation10/20/2022 Earlier this month, activist and actress Sacheen Littlefeather (Apache and Yaqui) passed away at age 75. Littlefeather was a key figure in the Native American rights movement of the mid-20th century, and her speech on Marlon Brando's behalf at the 1973 Academy Awards would change the film industry forever. Pictured: Sacheen Littlefeather shares Marlon Brando’s multipage speech - which she was forced to cut for time after being threatened with arrest by producers - with members of the press following the 1973 Academy Awards. Image credits to Globe Photos/Zuma Press. Littlefeather worked as a model and actress throughout the 1960s, and began reconnecting with her Apache roots whilst participating in the Indians of All Nations occupation of Alcatraz Island at the end of the decade. At the 1973 Oscars, she was invited by actor Marlon Brando - slated to win Best Actor - to deliver remarks on his behalf condemning the portrayal of Native Americans in film. Boos and cheers echoed from the audience as she refused the Best Actor statuette at Brando’s request and called attention to the discrimination faced by Indigenous people in the entertainment industry. She later shared that an enraged John Wayne confronted her backstage after the speech and had to be held back by several men in order to be kept from physically attacking her. Littlefeather was shunned by Hollywood following her speech at the Academy Awards, facing threats of violence and experiencing years of negative media attention. Despite the obstacles she faced in her entertainment career, she dedicated the remainder of her life to activism and healthcare work in Indigenous communities. Pictured: Littlefeather participates in a demonstration as part of her work advocating for Indigenous AIDS patients. Image credits to Soul Mirror. Less than two months before her passing, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences apologized for the treatment she received as a result of her words at the 1973 Oscars, hosting an event in Littlefeather’s honor in August 2022 and issuing a statement which expressed their regret at the abuse she received following her historic speech. In a keynote address at the Academy’s event, Littlefeather communicated her acceptance of the apology and her hope that young Indigenous creators in the film and television industry will continue uplifting Native voices. Pictured: Promotional Poster for Reservation Dogs, a TV show created by Sterlin Harjo (Seminole and Muscogee) and Taika Waititi (Maori). Image credits to IMDb. While a dearth of Native representation in entertainment still persists, more and more Indigenous stories are coming to life on screen. From Reservation Dogs on Hulu, to Rutherford Falls on Peacock, to feature films like Prey, there are so many Native-led shows and movies to check out this fall! As the weather gets cooler and cozy autumn nights on the couch approach, we challenge our Tipi Raisers community to support Indigenous directors, actors, and storytellers by checking out one of the films/tv shows listed in the resources below. On Sacheen Littlefeather’s life, legacy, and the 1973 Oscars Speech that awakened the world to discrimination against Indigenous people in film:
Sacheen Littlefeather’s full speech at the 1973 Academy Awards: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2QUacU0I4yU “Academy Apologizes to Sacheen Littlefeather for Her Mistreatment at the 1973 Oscars” The Hollywood Reporter summarizes a recent ceremony held by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to honor and apologize to Littlefeather: https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/sacheen-littlefeather-oscars-apology-1235198863/ “Sacheen Littlefeather Has No Regrets” a recent story from Indian Country Today that features a video interview with Littlefeather herself: https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/sacheen-littlefeather-has-no-regrets “Indigenous Rights Activist Sacheen Littlefeather Dies at 75” a reflection on Littlefeather’s impact from Smithsonian Magazine: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/indigenous-rights-activist-sacheen-littlefeather-dies-75-180980600/ On the portrayal of Indigenous people within the US and Canadian entertainment industries: “Why I Won’t Wear War Paint and Feathers in a Movie Again” A Diné actor shares his experiences navigating a career in Hollywood as an Indigenous person: https://time.com/3916680/native-american-hollywood-film/ “Reel Injun” a documentary film which explores the portrayal of Native people throughout the 20th century: https://www.amazon.com/Reel-Injun-Catherine-Bainbridge/dp/B09H212DZH “Indigenous Representation Is Still Scarce in Hollywood: We Need More Native Stories” A column from Illuminative director Crystal Echo Hawk, who shares data on Native representation and explains the contrasting impact of both negative and positive portrayals of Indigenous people in media: https://variety.com/2021/film/opinion/indigenous-representation-hollywood-native-stories-1235086445/ Indigenous films and television shows to check out this fall: Reservation Dogs (available on FX and Hulu) Rutherford Falls (available on NBC Peacock) Prey (available on Hulu) Slash/Back (available on Vudu/Roku) Powerlands (available at https://powerlands.org/) This blog post is a part of our Reconciliation through Education series. To learn more about this and other issues related to the Tipi Raisers mission, please email mackenzie@thetipiraisers.org to sign up for our newsletter. Sources include: Coverage of this topic from Indian Country Today, The New York Times, the New Yorker, the Washington Post, the Hollywood Reporter, and CNN.
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A Colorado governor’s territorial decree led to the massacre of over 200 Cheyenne and Arapaho elders, women, and children in 1864. In 2022, efforts to remove his name from one of Colorado’s most famous peaks are sweeping the state. Pictured: The Summit of the mountain at the center of renaming efforts in Colorado, Mount Evans. Image credits to the Clear Creek County Tourism Bureau. John Evans served as territorial governor of Colorado from 1862 to 1865, a time period in which rapidly expanding westward migration had led to high tensions between white settlers and the Indigenous Cheyenne and Arapaho peoples of the area. Amidst this conflict on the Colorado plains, Evans made two proclamations calling for the forced relocation of tribes and the killing of any Indigenous person deemed “hostile” by settlers. These proclamations directly led to the Sand Creek Massacre of 1864, in which Col. John Chivington and the Third Colorado Cavalry massacred over 200 Cheyenne and Arapaho people. The scars of the mass killing at Sand Creek continued to impact the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes in the years that followed: the wounds of this history disrupted their cultural lifeways, broke down many of their societal structures, and traumatized generations of tribal members. But despite his complicity in the massacre and his subsequent resignation as territorial governor, a western Colorado peak was named after Evans 30 years after Sand Creek. In the wake of the Black Lives Matter movement in 2020 and an ongoing racial reckoning in the United States, Colorado Governor Jared Polis established an advisory board tasked with investigating Colorado place names and recommending changes - including that of Mount Evans. Local Indigenous groups have petitioned the board to change the peak’s name to ‘Mount Blue Sky,’ reflecting the Arapaho tribe’s moniker “the Blue Sky People,” and honoring an annual Blue Sky ceremony held by the Cheyenne. Pictured: Mestaa'ėhehe Coalition’s flyer for the upcoming Prayer Walk to rename Mt. Evans. Learn more about the event HERE. In support of efforts to rename the mountain, Ancestral Healing Circle has partnered with the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes as well as Mestaa'ėhehe Coalition and several other local advocacy groups to organize an October 1st-9th, 2022 Prayer Walk. The Tipi Raisers are honored to be part of this special event and this deeply important cause. We will be bringing horses and riders to the Walk from October 1st-3rd and are looking forward to journeying in solidarity with the Indigenous activists working to impact change in our home state of Colorado. Details on the upcoming prayer walk to rename Mt. Evans can be found at HERE or by checking out Ancestral Healing Circle’s Facebook event page for the prayer walk HERE. Additional resources on this topic can be found below. On the tragic history of the Sand Creek Massacre: "THIS DAY IN HISTORY: November 29, 1864 – 230 Cheyenne & Arapaho Massacred at Sand Creek" from Native News Online: https://nativenewsonline.net/currents/november-29-1864-230-cheyenne-arapaho-massacred-at-sand-creek Resources from the Sand Creek Massacre Foundation: https://www.sandcreekmassacrefoundation.org/history "Colorado Experience: Sand Creek Massacre," a one-hour documentary from PBS on the history of Evans' proclamations and the Sand Creek Massacre, available to watch for free at the following link: https://www.pbs.org/video/colorado-experience-sand-creek-massacre/ On efforts to rename Mt. Evans and other Colorado landmarks: “Mount Evans may be renamed ‘Mount Blue Sky’ under state proposal” from Colorado Public Radio: https://www.cpr.org/2022/03/16/mount-evans-renaming-mount-blue-sky-colorado-proposal/ “Public Discusses Changing The Name Of Mount Evans” a video from CBS Colorado: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZ7ql0PA7hs “Efforts To Rename Mount Evans In Colorado Moves Forward” from Wyoming Public Media: https://www.wyomingpublicmedia.org/tribal-news/2021-05-13/efforts-to-rename-mount-evans-in-colorado-moves-forward “Colorado panel recommends Indigenous name change for mountain” from Indian Country Today: https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/colorado-panel-recommends-indigenous-name-change-for-mountain This blog post is a part of our Reconciliation through Education series. To learn more about this and other issues related to the Tipi Raisers mission, please email mackenzie@thetipiraisers.org to sign up for our newsletter.
Sources include: Coverage of this topic from Indian Country Today, The Colorado Sun, Wyoming Public Media, and Colorado Public Radio. Pictured: Pope Francis speaks to an audience alongside Indigenous leaders on July 25th, 2022 near Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Image credits to AP/Gregoria Borgia. In late July, Pope Francis met with government and tribal leaders in Canada to apologize for the role of members of the Catholic Church in the abuse committed against Indigenous children within the Canadian residential school system. Amongst those gathered near Edmonton to hear the Pope’s words were residential school survivors, representing some of the over 150,000 First Nations, Métis, and Inuit children who were taken from their homes between the late 18th century and the 1970s and placed into assimilationist government and church-run schools. Severe abuse was rampant in the schools, as were policies deliberately aimed at wiping out Indigenous languages and traditional ways. Reactions to the apology amongst Indigenous leaders and residential school survivors were mixed: While some described the apology as an important and necessary step in the healing journey for survivors of residential school abuse, others noted the absence of concrete steps being taken by the Catholic Church to unseal documents related to this history and to invest in forming relationships with Native communities in Canada. Pictured: An Inuk child at a residential school in Iqaluit, Northwest Territories in 1958. Pope Francis visited Iqaluit as part of his papal journey to Canada. Image credits to Ted Grant / National Film Board of Canada and the Phototheque Collection / Library and Archives Canada. Many also emphasized the failure of the papal apology to specifically name the Catholic Church as a perpetrator of residential school abuse and criticized the Pontiff for not taking the opportunity to revoke the Doctrine of Discovery, a concept established by the Catholic Church shortly after Columbus’ arrival to the Western hemisphere that was subsequently used to justify the widespread seizure of Indigenous lands. The Doctrine, born out of several papal bulls issued by Pope Alexander VI in the late 15th century, is a legal principle under which European conquerors claimed a right to annex land on the basis of discovery. The principle was even applied to the “discovery” of territories already inhabited by other nations - so long as the inhabitants were not Christian. Within a few years of the Doctrine’s establishment and the arrival of Europeans to the Western Hemisphere, 50% of the Native population of the Americas had died due to violence and disease. And in the five centuries since, Indigenous peoples have been subject to ongoing loss of land and culture stemming from the legal invocation of the Doctrine of Discovery across their traditional territories. In addition to its role in a staggering loss of Indigenous lands, what the Doctrine did more indirectly was to feed into a grim narrative that conquerors - not the original peoples of a given land - somehow have a monopoly on culture, civilization and the authority to govern. As the Doctrine of Discovery was compounded by continued imperialism over Native peoples in the Americas, this mode of conceptualizing and actualizing the new society that began to take shape in the Western Hemisphere created an environment in which Native cultural lifeways and traditions were devalued in favor of European ideals - setting the gruesome stage for the establishment of residential schools and the suffering inflicted on the Indigenous children forced to attend them. Several Christian denominations have formally denounced the Doctrine of Discovery in recent years, and in the wake of Pope Francis’ visit to Canada, Indigenous leaders are calling on the Pope to officially rescind the Doctrine himself. Activists are hoping that deeper efforts towards justice for residential school survivors on behalf of the Catholic Church will continue to take shape. Additional resources on this topic listed below. On Pope Francis’ official apology and his visit with Indigenous leaders in Canada: Full text of Pope Francis’ July 25th apology to residential school survivors: https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/deplorable-evil-full-text-of-the-popes-residential-school-apology “Papal Visit: Apology at Last in Canada” from Indian Country Today: https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/papal-visit-apology-at-last-in-canada “Pope Francis takes leave of Canada in Nunavut amid criticism” from The Washington Post: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/07/29/pope-francis-nunavut-canada-criticism/ On the history of Residential Schools in Canada and the United States: Information on Residential School History from the University of Manitoba’s National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation: https://nctr.ca/education/teaching-resources/residential-school-history/ Parts 1 & 2 of the Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s report on the history of the nation’s residential schools: Part 1 - https://ehprnh2mwo3.exactdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Volume_1_History_Part_1_English_Web.pdf Part 2 - https://nctr.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Volume_1_History_Part_2_English_Web.pdf “Death by Civilization” by Mary Annette Pember for the Atlantic: https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/03/traumatic-legacy-indian-boarding-schools/584293/ On the Doctrine of Discovery and its Troubling Legacy: The Doctrine of Discovery as explained by the Legal Information Institute at Cornell University: https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/doctrine_of_discovery#:~:text=The%20doctrine%20of%20discovery%20refers,acquires%20rights%20on%20that%20land “This 500-year-old Catholic decree encouraged colonization. Will the pope revoke it?” from National Geographic: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/doctrine-of-discovery-how-the-centuries-old-catholic-decree-encouraged-colonization “Pope faces calls to renounce the Doctrine of Discovery at the heart of colonialism” from CBC Canada: https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-the-tuesday-edition-1.6532503/pope-faces-calls-to-renounce-the-doctrine-of-discovery-at-the-heart-of-colonialism-1.6532787 This blog post is a part of our Reconciliation through Education series. To learn more about this and other issues related to the Tipi Raisers mission, please email mackenzie@thetipiraisers.org to sign up for our newsletter.
Sources include: Coverage of this topic from Indian Country Today, the Legal Information Institute at Cornell, NPR, National Geographic Magazine, The Associated Press, NBC, CNN, the Washington Post, The Conversation, and the National Post. A few weeks ago, riders, speakers, visitors and families from Pine Ridge, Wind River, Dine/Navajo, Arapaho, Shoshone, Florida, Houston, Puerto Rico and Denver gathered for four days in Sedalia, CO. A camp was set up, riders on horseback rode in each day from the four directions and lessons were learned . . . . . as they always are when we come together in this way.
Lesson #1: We all are better when there is diversity in our camp/gatherings/communities – diverse in ages, genders, backgrounds, races, cultural and religious traditions. Lesson #2: There is wisdom from all directions. No one owns the Sacred. Possesses the feather. The drumbeat. The horse. Indigenous wisdom is rooted in lessons from elders (and youth) from tribes, clans, traditions, religions, and cultures from all over the world. We are stronger as a human species when wisdom, traditions and culture from all directions is shared, welcomed and embraced. Lesson #4: Iktomi (the spider), the Coyote and the Trickster are often present in camp amidst these sorts of gatherings. They usually make an appearance and often times interact with those already teetering on the edge. The dance with the Trickster is one of opportunity, but also danger. Lesson #5: Trauma is also very often present in these sorts of camps and gatherings. Of course, it is -- given our shared history and humanity. Iktomi and coyote are drawn to those carrying the trauma most intensely and so, one need not look far to see, hear and feel the injury of the past gather around the fire. Lesson #6: This is generational work: Alleviating poverty. Reconciliation. Indigenous wisdom. It’s complicated; the way forward riddled with mistrust, trauma, pain and complexity. It requires careful thought, intention, persistence and resilience. Lesson #7: True reconciliation of harm done requires careful, deliberate and persistent effort. And the ability to forgive . . . . Basil Brave Heart teaches us that forgiveness is only possible by looking at the Divinity within. It's also true that efforts to help cannot be fueled by guilt, pity or a "feeling sorry for." And so, we live in daily gratitude for those who walk and ride with us. Who travel, stay and visit with us at these sorts of gatherings. And for those who have supported this work for so many years. Wopila. Dave This is the finale of a four-part email series reflecting on each day of the Indigenous Wisdom Summit & Four Directions Ride, which took place from July 16th-19th in Colorado. Check out our reflections from Days 1, 2, and 3 HERE and read on for more! Rhyia JoyHeart, Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho, dances the Jingle Dress Dance on the last night of the 2022 Indigenous Wisdom Summit. When jingle dress dancer Rhyia JoyHeart stepped into our camp in her handmade regalia on the final evening of the Indigenous Wisdom Summit & Four Directions Ride, a look of admiration and awe spread across the faces of the two young Native girls seated nearby.
Rhyia, a proud Eastern Shoshone & Northern Arapaho young woman, carries herself with a power and presence that demonstrates what it means to stand tall in one’s heritage. As she entered the circle, she spoke of the history of her people and the legacy of her family: “We as Native People introduce not only ourselves and our tribe, but also our relatives, because it’s important to know who you come from and where you come from,” she stated as the silver cones of her dress rang out their gentle song into the wind. Rhyia also shared the deeply sacred teachings surrounding the Jingle Dress Dance, a healing dance with Ojibwe origins that she began to study after suffering a family loss. Before dancing the Jingle Dress Dance for Summit & Ride attendees, she expressed her desire for the dance to be healing for those present in the circle, for Indigenous communities, and for the world: “We dance for the people.” - Rhyia JoyHeart Hohóu and aishen to Rhyia for the knowledge, grace, and sacred dancing she brings to our circle each time she joins us! This is part three of a four-part series reflecting on each day of the Indigenous Wisdom Summit & Four Directions Ride, which took place from July 16th-19th in Colorado. The series will conclude next week. Check out our reflections from Days 1 & 2 HERE and stay tuned for more! Pictured: Darryl Slim speaks to our circle on Monday, July 18th at the Indigenous Wisdom Summit & Four Directions Ride. Day 3 of the Indigenous Wisdom Summit & Four Directions Ride was marked by smooth afternoon horseback rides, cross-cultural community building, and an enlightening evening presentation by Navajo wellness educator Darryl Slim. Darryl - a soft-spoken and deeply spiritual Diné man who is almost never found without a peaceful smile across his face, two neat braids running down his back and a floral hairband that honors the traditional dress of Navajo women - entered our camp carrying an aura of gentleness that was immediately palpable. As teachings around mindfulness stemming from the traditional upbringing he received from his grandparents poured forth into our circle, one could feel the laser-focus with which each attendee was attuned to his words. He taught of the interconnectedness of plants, animals, humans, air and water and the need to tend to each element of life. Throughout the presentation, he encouraged participants to pay attention to the silent stillness “beneath the sound.". When we tend to the elements of life, he explained, we return to wholeness and thus begin to heal. This type of mindfulness, embodied in protection songs he sang in his Diné language, helps us to “...really get to know who you are really not.” Getting to know who we are really not then opens the way for us to tune into the silent stillness all around: “The more you get to know the silent, the more you get to know yourself.” In this way, we may more fully come into who we truly are and may connect with all things, making our own unique mark on the world in harmony with all other beings. As Darryl’s grandfather taught him, “Everyone should sprout up like a flower, and have their own pollen.” A'he'hee to Darryl for the sacred teachings he shares and the wonderful presence he brings to each Tipi Raisers event he travels to! We are immensely grateful. Pictured: Darryl oversees the lifting of a tipi at our camp in Sedalia, CO for the Summit & Ride. Darryl is skilled in tipi construction and often leads our group as we raise tipis at various events!
This is part two of a four-part email series reflecting on each day of the Indigenous Wisdom Summit & Four Directions Ride, which took place from July 16th-19th in Colorado. The series will continue to unfold over the coming weeks. Check out our reflections from Day 1 HERE and stay tuned for more! Pictured: Joseph Medicine Robe prepares to play the flute as attendees look on at Day 2 of the recent Indigenous Wisdom Summit & Four Directions Ride. After the arrival of our Four Directions Riders and an honoring ceremony for several Tipi Raisers community members on Day 2 of the Indigenous Wisdom Summit & Four Directions Ride, Joseph Medicine Robe (Lakota) engaged attendees with flute & drum performances and a powerful talk centered on Indigenous spirituality. “Come to the center.” Joseph invited the group to ponder this phrase as he began to share Lakota prayer songs and teachings. “Come to the center of your family, of your community. Come to the center of Turtle Island and the Galaxy.” As the sound of the flute and, later, the beat of Joseph’s drum echoed through the trees that shaded us, one could begin to imagine the days when Spirit, land, animal and human were so connected that they seemed to be synchronized to the same heartbeat. While it may often feel out of reach amidst the challenges of modern life, that connection, Joseph teaches, can be tapped into through prayer. He explained that the Lakota word Wocekiya, often translated simply as “prayer,” can more accurately be interpreted as “establishing the Sacred Connection.” When we engage in Wocekiya, when we come to our center, the center of an emotion, the center of all things, we establish the ever-present Sacred Connection from which the world often distracts us. In this way, he expressed through a prayer song, we can show up with compassion and respect for all nations and all things. “How powerful it would be if we saw the sacred in one another.” - Joseph Medicine Robe Wopila to Joseph for sharing such transformative teachings with us at the Indigenous Wisdom Summit & Four Directions Ride and for his willingness to sing and drum for our horses, riders, and attendees throughout the event! And thank you to Marty Chase Alone for sharing your prayers and your presence with our group! Pictured: Joseph Medicine Robe and Charles Red Cloud drum and sing a wopila song as guests shake hands and offer gratitude to honorees from the Tipi Raisers community.
This is part two of a four-part series reflecting on each day of the Indigenous Wisdom Summit & Four Directions Ride, which took place from July 16th-19th in Colorado. The series will continue to unfold over the coming weeks. Stay tuned here on our blog and on our email channels for more! Pictured: The Sacred Hoop collection of constellations, as depicted on the cover of "Lakota Star Knowledge" by Ronald Goodman, a book cited during Saturday's presentation at the Fiske Planetarium in Boulder, CO by Dr. John Stocke. The first day of the Indigenous Wisdom Summit & Four Directions Ride took us to the Black Hills by way of a virtual experience at the Fiske Planetarium in Boulder, CO. As we gazed up at the galaxy from our seats, this journey across the stars took us to Mato Tipila (the Bear’s Lodge/Bear Butte), the site of the most sacred of ceremonies for the Lakota people - the Sundance. And for thousands of years, long before colonization and the arrival of the Gregorian calendar, the Lakota tribe has made its way across the Black Hills to Bear Butte at just the right time of year to engage in this sacred rite. The ceremony was timed according to the movement of the stars, with the tribe’s Star Keepers carefully studying the path of the Sacred Hoop collection of constellations - a celestial mirror that forms the shape of the Black Hills themselves and the geographic features therewithin. The amazement and awe in the eyes of the Lakota elders in attendance - fluent speakers of their language who have known of these deeply spiritual teachings their whole lives, and who were seeing their spirituality affirmed by astronomical science demonstrated on the dome above them - is an image that will stay with us for a long time. It was an honor to learn of this Lakota Star Knowledge from Dr. John Stocke and the Lakota researchers he cited, including Charlotte Black Elk. Our deepest gratitude to Dr. Stocke and the Fiske Planetarium for generously hosting us at their facility and for sharing such sacred knowledge! Pictured: Tribal members and other Tipi Raisers community members sit under a vista of the sacred Black Hills at the Fiske Planetarium on Saturday, July 16th ahead of Dr. John Stocke's presentation on Lakota Star Knowledge as part of the Indigenous Wisdom Summit & Four Directions Ride.
Pictured: Tribal leaders and US officials, including General William Tecumseh Sherman, gather at Fort Laramie, Wyoming in 1868 for treaty negotiations. Image credits to the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. On April 29th, 1868, the Fort Laramie Treaty was signed. We acknowledge that this treaty (which recognized the Black Hills as part of the "Great Sioux Reservation" and intended for the exclusive use of the Lakota People) was later broken by the US Government. Forged in the wake of massacres conducted by the US Army against Indigenous peoples, increased movement of settlers along the Bozeman Trail, and successful Native resistance during Red Cloud's War, the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 defined land boundaries for the Oceti Sakowin (Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota) as well as the Crow, Northern Arapaho and Northern Cheyenne, protecting the tribes' sovereignty over much of their traditional lands. However, the treaty also instituted several assimilationist policies on behalf of the US government - policies which contributed to a loss of cultural lifeways that continues to impact Native communities up to the present day. Several Lakota leaders of the time, including Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, opposed the treaty for its establishment of these policies and for its restriction of hunting lands. Pictured: Page 1 of the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie. Image credits to the National Archives collection. Turmoil drawing forth from this forced assimilation brewed on the Plains, and the arrival of prospectors and US Army officials in search of gold brought these tensions to a head in the mid-1870s. Lakota and Cheyenne warriors launched attacks on settlers flooding into treaty lands to seek their fortune, leading to an 1875 federal decree which forced the tribes onto small reservations. The following year, General Custer and the US Seventh Cavalry were routed by Lakota, Dakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho forces at the Battle of the Little Bighorn - known as Peji Sla/the Battle of the Greasy Grass in Lakota. In 1877, an act of Congress redrew the lines of tribal territories, permanently confined tribes to reservations, seized the Black Hills for the United States, and allowed the federal government to build roads through treaty lands. In less than ten years, the United States had reneged in multiple ways on the Fort Laramie Treaty - a document which, by the US constitution’s own definition, was intended to be respected as the supreme law of the land. In response to this violation of treaty terms, the tribes of the Oceti Sakowin entered into legal proceedings against the federal government in the early 20th century. The case culminated in a 1980 decision by the Supreme Court declaring the US seizure of the Black Hills illegal and offering tribes $100 million for the land. The tribes of the Oceti Sakowin have continually rejected this offer and have asserted that the sacred lands were never for sale. Despite federal abrogation of the agreement, the articles of the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 have been cited throughout the 20th and 21st centuries: activists laid claim to Alcatraz Island in 1969, citing a treaty stipulation which promised unused federal land to tribes, called the Treaty to mind during the Dakota Access Pipeline protests, and most recently presented an eviction notice to the Grand Gateway Hotel in Rapid City, SD which cited tribal rights to prevent settler encroachment on treaty lands. Organizers continue to push the federal government to honor the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 and all treaties between tribal nations and the United States. Additional resources on the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 listed below. Resource Links On the Treaty and its surrounding history: Full text of the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie from the National Museum of the American Indian: https://americanindian.si.edu/static/nationtonation/pdf/Fort-Laramie-Treaty-1868.pd “In 1868, Two Nations Made a Treaty, the U.S. Broke It and Plains Indian Tribes are Still Seeking Justice” from Smithsonian Magazine: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/1868-two-nations-made-treaty-us-broke-it-and-plains-indian-tribes-are-still-seeking-justice-180970741/ “Fort Laramie Treaty: Case Study” an interactive online exhibit from the National Museum of the American Indian: https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/plains-treaties-fort-laramie/ “The Fort Laramie National Historic Site and 150th Anniversary of the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie,” a documentary special from Wyoming PBS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Bf83JLfmZU On the legal battle to honor the Treaty: A Summary of the 1980 Supreme Court decision in the case ‘ United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians’: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/448/371/ “Sioux Win $105 Million” from The Washington Post: https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/07/01/sioux-win-105-million/a595cc88-36c6-49b9-be4f-6ea3c2a8fa06/ “Why the Sioux Are Refusing $1.3 Billion” from PBS NewsHour: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/north_america-july-dec11-blackhills_08-23 On the document’s continued significance from the 1960s to the present-day: “The Native Occupation of Alcatraz—Looking Back 50 Years Later” from the Pima County Public Library: https://www.library.pima.gov/blogs/post/the-native-occupation-of-alcatraz-looking-back-50-years-later/ “Broken Promises: Standing Rock Sioux Tribe Cites History of Government Betrayal in Pipeline Fight” from ABC News https://abcnews.go.com/US/broken-promises-standing-rock-sioux-tribe-cites-history/story?id=43698346 “Tribal Leaders of the Oceti Sakowin Deliver Notice of Trespass and Eviction Notice to Grand Gateway Hotel” from NDN Collective: https://ndncollective.org/tribal-leaders-of-the-oceti-sakowin-deliver-notice-of-trespass-and-eviction-notice-to-grand-gateway-hotel/?fbclid=IwAR29n6ZUfO3jOFW1fFECSfoe_6ogImtyfKMbn2E0IsHRlilXv-wiIg9YDhE This blog post is a part of our Reconciliation through Education series. To learn more about this and other issues related to the Tipi Raisers mission, please email mackenzie@thetipiraisers.org to sign up for our newsletter.
Sources include: Resources from the National Museum of the American Indian, Indian Country Today, Smithsonian Magazine, & Wyoming PBS The inaugural Indigenous Wisdom Summit/Four Directions Ride will make its debut in 2022. The LakotaRide (which has been retired for practical and philosophical reasons, explained below) was the predecessor to this event.
The LakotaRide began in Breckenridge, Colorado in 2014 with just two riders going up and over the 14,000 foot Continental Divide and ending in Boulder a week later. It was initially conceived of in order to bring awareness and raise funds to bring building materials salvaged from the original Breckenridge Nordic Lodge to address substandard housing issues on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. For the five years following this epic launch of the LakotaRide, it gained momentum, riders, supporters and miles and became our signature event! Each of those five years, the LakotaRide moved across the heavily populated front range of Colorado and crossed over into the wide open spaces of Wyoming and Nebraska before ending, twenty two days and over 400 miles later, on Pine Ridge. The friendships forged, selfless generosity exhibited and depth of community established on these LakotaRides will forever be a gift in the lives of those involved. In 2020 we commemorated the previous rides and riders through our virtual event - The Spirit of the LakotaRide. Both 2020 and 2021 Rides were cancelled due to the Covid pandemic. In those years, we have had time to look back and to look forward. As the small nonprofit has developed, we now envision an evolved signature event with lessons learned from past LakotaRides. Practically speaking, we know what goes into these multi-state, multi-week rides and quite simply, our Ride team is not getting any younger. The sheer miles on horseback and the physicality involved to execute an event such as this takes a tremendous toll over time. And from a philosophical standpoint, we have been approached more and more from other Tribes in the region - all of whom we're eager to partner with. And we understand that they, like the Lakota, have a rich culture and history that we can all learn from. Thus, the Indigenous Wisdom Summit with the ceremonial Four Directions Ride was born! |
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October 2022
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